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| The full story of Queen Elizabeth II |
The full story of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of England and the rest of the Commonwealth from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022. Her reign was 70 years and 214 days, making her the longest reign of any British monarch and the longest reign ever recorded by a female monarch.
Queen Elizabeth II was born in Mayfair, London, where she was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later George VI of Her and Queen Elizabeth II, Queen Mother). Her father ascended to the throne in 1936 after her younger brother Edward VIII abdicated, making 10-year-old Princess Elizabeth her heir presumptive. Raised privately at home, she began public service during World War II, serving in rural relief services. In November 1947, she married Philip Her Mountbatten, former Prince of Greece and Denmark, with whom she remained married for 73 years until her death in 2021.
When her father died in February 1952, Queen Elizabeth II, then 25, became Queen of the seven independent Commonwealth countries.
United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). ) and the head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Northern Ireland problem, the decentralization of Britain, the decolonization of Africa, Britain's accession to the European Community, and Brexit from the EU. The number of kingdoms changed over time as her territories became independent and some kingdoms became republics. As Queen, Queen Elizabeth II has served over 170 Prime Ministers in all countries. Her many historic visits and meetings include official visits to China in 1986, Russia in 1994, the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.
Significant events include Elizabeth's 1953 coronation and the silver, gold, diamond, and platinum jubilee celebrations of 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022 respectively. Elizabeth has faced media criticism of her feelings and family, especially after the breakup of her children's marriage, her horrific year in 1992, and the death of her former daughter-in-law, Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. died at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire in 2022 at the age of 96, succeeded by his eldest son Charles III. Her state funeral was the first in Britain since Winston Churchill's funeral in 1965.
Early Life of Queen Elizabeth II
40 (GMT)[2] through a Caesarean segment at her maternal grandfather's London domestic, 17 Bruton Street in Mayfair.[3] The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Gordon Lang, baptized her withinside the personal chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[4][a] and she or he become named Elizabeth after her mom; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[6] She becomes known as "Lilibet" through her near family,[7] primarily based totally on what she has known as herself at first.[8] She become loved by her grandfather George V, whom she knew as "Grandpa England",[9], and her everyday visits at some point of his critical contamination in 1929 had been credited withinside the famous press and through later biographers with elevating his spirits and assisting his recovery.[10]
Elizabeth's handiest sibling, Princess Margaret, become born in 1930. The princesses had been knowledgeable at domestic beneath neath the supervision of their mom and their governess, Marion Crawford.[11] Lessons focused on history, language, literature, and music.[12] Crawford posted a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's adolescent years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, a good deal to the dismay of the royal family.[13] The ee-e-book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her mindset of responsibility.[14] Others echoed such observations:
Winston Churchill defined Elizabeth while she becomes as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness amazing in an infant."[15] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes defined her as "a jolly little girl, however basically realistic and well-behaved".[16]
Marriage of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth met her destiny husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and once more in 1937.[41] They have been 2nd cousins as soon as eliminated via King Christian IX of Denmark and 0.33 cousins via Queen Victoria. After assembly for the 0.33 time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—eleven though most effective thirteen years old—stated she fell in love with Philip, who became 18, and that they started out to change letters.[42] She became 21 and their engagement became formally introduced on nine July 1947.[43]
The engagement attracted a few controversies. Philip had no economic standing, became overseas-born (eleven though a British situation who had served withinside the Royal Navy during the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[44] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did now no longer assume him proper sufficient for her. He became a prince without a domestic or kingdom. Some of the papers performed lengthy and loud tunes at the string of Philip's overseas origin."[45] Later biographies stated that Elizabeth's mom had reservations approximately the union initially, and teased Philip as "the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she advised the biographer Tim Heald that Philip became "an English gentleman".[47]
At Buckingham Palace with their husband Philip after their wedding ceremony, in 1947
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, formally transformed from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and followed the fashion of Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mom's British family.[48] Shortly earlier than the wedding ceremony, he became created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the fashion of His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip have been married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They obtained 2,500 wedding ceremony presents from across the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to shop for the cloth for her gown (which became designed by Norman Hartnell) due to the fact Britain had now no longer but absolutely recovered from the devastation of the conflict.[51] In post-conflict Britain, it became now no longer proper for Philip's German relations, which include his 3 surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding ceremony.[52] Neither became an invite prolonged to the Duke of Windsor, previously King Edward VIII.[53]
Elizabeth gave beginning to her first child, Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters of patent permitting her kids to apply the fashion and name of a royal prince or princess, to which they in any other case could now no longer have been entitled as their father became not a royal prince.[54] A 2nd child, Princess Anne, became born on 15 August 1950.[55]
Following their wedding ceremony, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, close to Windsor Castle, till July 1949,[50] after they took up house at Clarence House in London. On numerous instances between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh became stationed withinside the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for numerous months at a time withinside the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented domestic of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. Their kids remained in Britain.[56]
Acceleration of decolonization of Queen Elizabeth II
The Sixties and Seventies noticed an acceleration withinside the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean. More than 20 nations won independence from Britain as a part of a deliberate transition to self-authorities. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian top minister, Ian Smith, in competition with movements in the direction of majority rule, unilaterally declared independence even as expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth, putting forward her "Queen of Rhodesia".[98] Although Elizabeth officially brushed off him, and the global network implemented sanctions in opposition to Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.[99] As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British authorities sought access to the European Community, an intention it accomplished in 1973.[100]
Elizabeth toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, turning into the primary British monarch to go to a communist country.[101] She become obtained at the airport with the aid of using President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of heaps greeted her in Belgrade.[102]
In February 1974, the British top minister, Edward Heath, recommended Elizabeth name a trendy election withinside the center of her excursion of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly return to Britain.[103] The election ended in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives have been now no longer the most important party, however, should live in the workplace in the event that they fashioned a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned as top minister and Elizabeth requested the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to shape authorities.[104]
A yr later, at the peak of the 1975 Australian constitutional disaster, the Australian top minister, Gough Whitlam, become brushed off from his publication with the aid of using Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-managed Senate rejected Whitlam's financial proposals.[105] As Whitlam had a majority withinside the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to Elizabeth to oppose Kerr's decision. She declined, announcing she could now no longer intrude in choices reserved with the aid of using the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General.[106] The disaster fuelled Australian republicanism.[105]
Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
parties and activities passed off at some point in the Commonwealth, many coinciding together along with her related countrywide and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, regardless of absolutely coincident bad press insurance of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.[107] In 1978, Elizabeth continued a nation go to to the UK with the aid of using Romania's communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[108] even though privately she notion they had "blood on their hands".[109] The following 12 months added blows:
one became the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the alternative became the assassination of her relative and in-regulation Lord Mountbatten with the aid of using the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
According to Paul Martin Sr., with the aid of using the cease of the Nineteen Seventies Elizabeth became concerned the Crown "had little that means for" Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian high minister.[111] Tony Benn stated Elizabeth discovered Trudeau "as a substitute disappointing".[111] Trudeau's meant republicanism regarded to be shown with the aid of using his antics, which includes sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting at the back of Elizabeth's lower back in 1977, and the elimination of numerous Canadian royal symbols all throughout his time period of office.[111] In 1980, Canadian politicians despatched London to speak about the patriation of the Canadian charter discovered by Elizabeth.[111] She became mainly fascinated after the failure of Bill C-60, which might have affected her position as head of the nation.[111]
Golden Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
On the eve of the brand new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from Southwark, sure for the Millennium Dome. Before passing below Tower Bridge, Elizabeth lit the National Millennium Beacon withinside the Pool of London with the use of a laser torch.[165] Shortly earlier than midnight, she formally opened the Dome.[166] During the making of the song of Auld Lang Syne, Elizabeth held fingers with Philip and British high minister Tony Blair.[167]
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary of her accession. Her sister and mom died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated on whether or not the Jubilee could be an achievement or a failure.[168] She once more undertook an in-depth excursion of her nation-states, starting in Jamaica in February, which she has known as the farewell banquet "memorable" after a strength reduce plunged the King's House, the reputable house of the governor-general, into darkness.[169] In 1977, there had been avenue events and commemorative events, and monuments had been named to honor the occasion. One million human beings attended every day of the three-day foremost Jubilee birthday party in London,[170] and the keenness proven for Elizabeth via the way of means of the general public become extra than many reporters had anticipated.[171]
Greeting NASA personnel at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007
In 2003, Elizabeth sued Daily Mirror for breach of self-belief and acquired an injunction that avoided the hole from publishing statistics collected via way of means of a reporter who posed as a footman at Buckingham Palace.[172] The newspaper additionally paid £25,000 in the direction of her prison costs.[173] Though normally wholesome all through her life, in 2003 Elizabeth had keyhole surgical treatment on each knee. In October 2006, she neglected the hole of the brand new Emirates Stadium due to a strained returned muscle that has been troubling her because of the summer.[174]
In May 2007, mentioning unnamed sources, The Daily Telegraph stated that Elizabeth becomes "exasperated and frustrated" via way of means of the regulations of Tony Blair, that she become worried the British Armed Forces had been overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised issues over rural and nation-state troubles with Blair.[175] She become, however, stated to appreciate Blair's efforts to acquire peace in Northern Ireland.[176] She has become the primary British monarch to have fun at a diamond wedding ceremony anniversary in November 2007.[177] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, Elizabeth attended the primary Maundy carrier held out of doors in England and Wales.[178]
Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a 2nd time in 2010, once more in her capability as Queen of all Commonwealth nation-states and Head of the Commonwealth.[179] The UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, added her as "an anchor for our age".[180] During her go to New York, which accompanied an excursion to Canada, she formally opened a memorial lawn for British sufferers of the 9-11 attacks.[180] Elizabeth's 11-day go to Australia in October 2011 become her sixteenth go to the use of a when you consider 1954.[181] By invitation of the Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the primary country go to the Republic of Ireland via way of means of a British monarch in May 2011.[182]
Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth's 2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations had been held in the course of her realms, the broader Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an in-depth excursion of the United Kingdom, at the same time as her kids and grandchildren launched into royal excursions of different Commonwealth states on her behalf.[183] On four June, Jubilee beacons had been lit across the globe.[184] In November, Elizabeth and her husband celebrated their blue sapphire wedding ceremony anniversary (65th).[185] On 18 December, she have become the primary British sovereign to wait for a peacetime Cabinet assembly when you consider that George III in 1781.[186]
Elizabeth, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, additionally opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the primary head of the kingdom to open Olympic Games in countries.[187] For the London Olympics, she performed in a quick movie as a part of the whole ceremony, along with Daniel Craig as James Bond.[188] On four April 2013, she acquired an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the movie enterprise and changed into called "the maximum memorable Bond lady yet" at the award ceremony.[189]
Opening the Borders Railway on the day she has become the longest-reigning British monarch, in 2015. In her speech, she stated she had by no means aspired to attain that milestone.[190]
On three March 2013, Elizabeth stayed a single day at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after growing signs and symptoms of gastroenteritis.[191] A week later, she signed the brand new Charter of the Commonwealth.[192] Because of her age and the want for her to restrict traveling, in 2013 she selected now no longer to wait for the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the primary time in forty years. She changed into represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[193] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of presidency introduced that she could be succeeded by Charles as Head of the Commonwealth, which she said changed into her "honest wish".[194] She underwent cataract surgical treatment in May 2018.[195] In March 2019, she gave up using public roads, in large part on account of an automobile crash with her husband months earlier.[196]
Elizabeth passed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to grow to be the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and girl head of the kingdom withinside the global on nine September 2015.[197] She has become the oldest modern-day monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015.[198] She later have become the longest-reigning modern-day monarch and the longest-serving modern-day head of the kingdom following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on thirteen October 2016,[199] and the oldest modern-day head of the kingdom at the resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[200] On 6 February 2017, she have become the primary British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[201] and on 20 November, she changed into the primary British monarch to rejoice in a platinum wedding ceremony anniversary.[202] Philip retired from his reliable obligations because of the Queen's consort in August 2017.[203]
Death of Queen Elizabeth II
On eight September 2022, Buckingham Palace launched a declaration that read:
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10 BST at the age of 96, with her kids, Charles and Anne with the aid of using her side.[249][250] Her loss of life became introduced to the general public at 18:
30,[251] placing in movement Operation London Bridge and, due to the fact she died in Scotland, Operation Unicorn.[252] Elizabeth became the primary monarch to die in Scotland because of James V in 1542.[253] Her reason for loss of life became recorded as "vintage age".[249]
On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin became carried up the Royal Mile in a procession to St Giles' Cathedral, wherein the Crown of Scotland became located on it.[254] Her coffin lay relaxed in the cathedral for twenty-four hours, guarded with the aid of using the Royal Company of Archers, at some stage around 33,000 humans filed beyond the coffin.[255] It became taken with the aid of using air to London on thirteen September. On 14 September, her coffin became taken in a navy procession from Buckingham Palace to Westminster Hall, wherein Elizabeth lay in the country for 4 days. The coffin became guarded with the aid of using contributors of each the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An envisioned 250,000 contributors of the general public filed beyond the coffin, as did politicians and different public figures.[256][257] On sixteen September, Elizabeth's kids held a vigil around her coffin, and the day after today her 8 grandchildren did the same.[258][259]
Elizabeth's coffin at the State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy, at some stage in the procession to Wellington Arch
Elizabeth's country funeral became held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the primary time that a monarch's funeral carrier have been held on the Abbey because of George II in 1760.[260] More than one million humans coated the streets of principal London,[261] and the day became declared a vacation in numerous Commonwealth countries. A final march of 1,000 soldiers took place at Windsor, attended by 97,000 [262] [261]. A fallen Elizabeth pony and his two royal corgis stood at the side of the procession. After her memorial service was held at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was buried in George Her VI Memorial Chapel with her husband Philip.
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